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This difference was also seen after a third booster dose, but overall antibody levels had large increases. The experiments found that UK individuals advised to shield from the virus because they were at increased risk of complications had lower levels of antibodies after one or two vaccine doses than individuals without such risk factors. measured antibodies against the virus that causes COVID-19 in 9,361 individuals participating in two large long-term health studies in the United Kingdom. show that a third booster dose of a COVID-19 vaccine boosts antibodies to high levels in 90% of individuals, including those at increased risk.

Now that third booster doses are available, it is vital to determine if they increase antibody levels for those most at risk of severe COVID-19.Ĭheetham et al. For example, people with weakened immune systems. Previous studies show that people with certain health conditions produce fewer antibodies after one or two doses of a COVID-19 vaccine. It could help decide who receives priority for future vaccination. Identifying people with low antibody levels after COVID-19 vaccination is important. People with lower levels of antibodies are more likely to get COVID-19 in the future. But some people generate more antibodies after vaccination than others. Vaccination against the virus that causes COVID-19 triggers the body to produce antibodies that help fight future infections.

AI for Science and Government, The Alan Turing Institute, United Kingdom.Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, United Kingdom.Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, United Kingdom.MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom.Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden.Centre for Longitudinal Studies, University College London, United Kingdom.MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London, United Kingdom.Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom.Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, United Kingdom.Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, United Kingdom.